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Understanding Mold
Good molds and a bad molds are found virtually everywhere! In indoor and outdoor environments, year round, mold enters homes through windows, doors, cracks, and vents. It is our mission at House To Home Inspections LLC to help you not only identify whether or not you have elevated not unusual mold issues through our professional mold inspection & testing services, but also to inform and educate you to the processes which we use to discover such problems.
The US government estimates that Americans are exposed to over 200 different types of mold on a daily basis. It is a living organism that generally lives and thrives where moisture is present, in the absence of circulating air.
When left untended, mold can cause much damage. Mold, mildew and fungus pose three great risks:
1- They can lead to excess of wood damage. Like termites, certain types of mold and fungus are able to turn cellulose material (stuff made of wood or wood by-products) to food and in the process, weaken and destroy the structural integrity of the home.
2- Mold and fungus released spores, which are their way of reproducing. These spores float around in the air of the home and pose inhalation risks to those living in the home. These spores are considered to be a major allergen and rank with pollen as a main source of contaminants for allergy sufferers.
3- Some types of molds and fungus released highly toxic "mycotoxins" which are byproducts that develop and then released during growth. These mycotoxins can cause severe adverse health problems for many people.
In short, mold should not be permitted to grow and multiply indoors. When this happens, health problems can occur and building materials, goods, and furnishings may be damaged.
Definition and Characteristics of Mold
Molds are simple microscopic organisms that are needed for breaking down dead materials, acting as nature's decomposers. Molds produce microscopic cells called spores, which are very tiny and lightweight, allow them to travel through the air.
Live spores act like seeds, forming a new mold growths (or colonies) when they find the right conditions. Growth can be seen in the form of discoloration, ranging in color from White to Orange and from Green to Brown to Black. Most people believe that mold exists only when they can see it growing; however, the fact is that mold spores are always present.
Once established in a building, molds can spread, destroying structural wood components, causing and problems. Our mold inspection discovers these problems. This can be hard to eliminate. In large numbers, mold spores can also cause health problems that include:
nasal and sinus congestion
dry cough
wheezing
sore throat
shortness of breath
burning eyes
skin irritation
central nervous system problems
other respiratory problems
People vary in their sensitivity to mold in the air. The elderly, children, those with respiratory problems and people with compromised immune systems are most vulnerable to the effects of mold, but even healthy people may react to high concentrations. Our mold air sample testing not only discovers what, if any molds exist in the air but, the levels of those molds as well.
The problem of mold is one that no homeowner can ill afford to ignore. Mold has been suggested as one possible factor in so-called sick building syndrome. SBS occurs when the occupants of a building experience acute health effects that seem to be linked to the time spent in a building. Although a mold inspection and testing may be costly at times dependent upon the situation, can one afford to loose days or weeks of work and lost productivity due to the expense of a mold inspection & testing?
How mold grows
Like all living things, mold spores need certain conditions to reproduce and grow. Molds need water, food, and the right temperature range. Mold grows better in a dark environment and with an organic porous material to grow on. Such material often provides a source of both food and water.
Unfortunately, buildings provide an almost ideal environment to support the growth of mold. If the typical temperatures are right, there are plenty of dark places and organic substances. Just add water and you've created a perfect mold breeding ground. Our mold inspection uncovers any areas of excessive high temperatures or humidity.
Sources of indoor moisture
The following are sources of indoor moisture generally uncovered during our mold inspection, that may cause problems;
Flooding
Backed up sewers
Leaky roofs
Humidifiers
Mud and ice dams
Damp basement or crawl spaces
Constant plumbing leaks
House plants
Steam from cooking
Shower/bath steam and leaks
Wet clothes on indoor drying winds
Cloths dryers vented indoors
Combustion appliances such as stoves not exhausted to the outdoors
While mold needs only water, food, and the right temperature to begin growing, the following characteristics can influence growth:
1- Relative humidity of approximately 50% or higher
2- Stagnant air
3- Airtight structures
4- Damp areas or products. Wet towels, rags, cloths
5- Incompletely/improperly cleaned areas where mold has infested
6- Low nitrogen concentrations in the air or soil
Enemies of mold
Even though mold has survived for millions of years, it does have its weaknesses. The sun, wind, rain, and other conditions all keep mold in check. Below, are some of items that have a negative influence on mold growth. The information provided is not intended to be used in amateurish repairs and/or mold clean up.
Discovering molds through a professional mold inspection and testing is the first and foremost enemy of molds. The keys are the discovery of the mold, corrective action to inhibit the mold(s) and then the remediation (clean up) of the mold problem itself.
Borate, one of the best natural enemies of mold, is also one of the oldest laundry detergents. A solution is made from borate and water, distilled is preferred.
Fungicides that list ingredients like Benzalkonium chloride or chemicals called "quats" (quaternary ammoniums).
Anti microbial chemicals that have metallic oxides. Borates ingredients work for mold prevention as well as for prevention of termite and carpenter ant infestations.
Although salt can kill mold, it is not used to remove mold from walls nor to disinfect. A strong concentration is necessary to kill mold.
Light, in the form of direct sunlight or special high wattage UV bulbs, can kill mold and mold spores.
Dry indoor conditions, relative humidity below 50%, and keep mold spores from terminating.
Improved air circulation, especially in basements and crawl spaces is the key to reducing/removing mold from a home.
Mothballs emit vapors that inhibit mold growth.
Chlorine bleach can kill mold, but in commonly used dilutions, its usefulness is diminished to ineffectiveness. Concentrated chlorine bleach can be hazardous to a person's health.
Types of mold
Below are some different species of mold typically found in the Cincinnati - Dayton Ohio areas: For a Cincinnati Ohio Air Quality localized list.
Types of Mold
Areas Affected
Types of Reactions
Alternari alternata
moist window sills, walls
asthma, allergy
Aspergillus versicolor
damp wood, wallpaper glue
unknown
Aspergillus fumigatus
house dust, potting soil asthma
rhinitis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Cladosporium herbarum
moist window sills, wood
asthma, allergy
Penicillium chrysogenum
damp wallpaper
nephrotoxicity, toxic to kidney cells
Stachybotrys chartarum(atra)
heavily wetted carpet
dermatitis, mucosal irritation, immunosuppression
It is common to find stachybotrys chartarum in small amounts in buildings in Cincinnati where there has been prolonged leakage or water entry. It is a toxic mold that should be removed professionally. Don't assume that anything black on the wall is highly toxic mold. Other common species look black but may be of low or no toxicity.
For example Chateomium globosum has been reported to be allergic rather than toxic. Cladosporium sphaerospermum is often found growing indoors on bathroom tile or refrigerator gaskets. It's a member of the most common mold family, cladosporium, the "universal fungus".
The words "mold", "mildew", and "fungus" are sometimes it used interchangeably. However each type can have different characteristics. Generally speaking, you cannot determine the mold type and species just by looking at it. Laboratory testing is needed. House To Home Inspections uses the largest most reliable mold analysis laboratory in the country to analysis all of our mold testing results.
Mold, mildew and fungus
Mold
The term "mold" refers to a fungus growth on a porous, rotting material. All molds are fungi organisms; however, not all fungi are molds. There are hundreds of varieties of mold, and many types often grow in the same location.
Mildew
The term "mildew" refers to one of the most common types of mold. Like many molds, mildew generally causes a discoloration of an underlying, porous material. It is commonly found in living areas but can thrive in hidden accessible areas as well.
Mildew can form when high moisture levels are present. It does not need food to grow. It is typically found on wood surfaces but can grow successfully on just about anything. Since it can live only on the surface, mildew by itself is not cause for great alarm, but it could lead to more hazardous or destructive mold if not addressed.
Fungus
Decay fungi or fungus is the most complex of fungi, and this species of mold will start to grow when moisture levels or 28% or higher. They are labeled as white, brown, blue, black or green, and some of them are toxic.
Unlike common mildew, fungus will grow into and throughout wood and wood byproducts. Fungus has the ability to convert the complex structure of wood into nutrients on which it then feeds. This growth can occur in basements, crawl spaces or attics.
When left to grow, fungus will literally consume wood until there is no structural integrity left where it has fed. Like termite damage, it is sometimes hard to know where the damages occurring. This is because the roots of the fungus can be far from where the mycelium is found.
Fungus can also be broken down into two different categories, dry rot and wet rot. Dry rot is a common condition in older homes with bacterial activity. Brown rot is probably the most common and though not life-threatening, it does cause a lots of damage to wood and should be killed when found.
Wet rot requires a very damp condition. It is most easily recognized by dark brown threads spreading over the surface of the timber. Dry rot is the more dangerous fungi because of its ability to move sometimes far beyond its water source. Dry rot is usually identified by its large fruiting bodies and a mass of white threads. Dry rots are generally referred to as "Brown rots" because they can ultimately reduce timber to brown dry dust, causing serious damage to structures. Our mold inspection report emphasizes any rot found on structural components.
Toxic mold
The most common type of toxic mold is stachybotrys or "black mold", which can be described as green -- black, slick, and slimy.
Stachybotrys chartarum may produce several different mycotoxins, which protect against other competing organisms like bacteria that are trying to grow in the same area.
The mycotoxins are attached to the mold spores and when they are inhaled or come into contact with the skin, and allergic reaction may result. There are currently no regulatory standards regarding how much stachybotrys is considered unsafe although unusual levels are stated in the mold inspection report.
Although stachybotrys chartarum is the most commonly toxic mold, there are many others that pose health risks when allowed to grow and prosper in living areas. Such species include Claviceps pupurea, Aspergillus penicillium, and cladosporium.
In other black mold, Memnoniella echinata is particularly toxic and irritating. Although considered a member of the stachybotrys family, sticky spores that tend to stay in one place, Memnoniella echinata is easily airborne.
Toxic molds can be extremely dangerous to everyone, but especially people with existing health problems. As you can tell, there are many variations and classifications of black molds. Only a professional laboratory analysis can determine what types of molds are present and whether or not they can be potentially harmful to you & your families health. Repairs of homes with toxic molds should be handled only by certified biohazard contractors.